Efficient, labour-saving machine for harvesting and cleaning turmeric

Among various cash crops, turmeric has a potential market value all through the year since it is mainly used as a value added product.

Erode is a turmeric cultivating hub in Tamil Nadu and almost all farmers in the region are growing this crop.

But the main issue with this crop is that like paddy, it is labour intensive. A huge labour force is required for weeding, earthing, fertilizer application, harvesting and polishing.

“If not harvested on time the crop gets affected by fungal infestation. And in many villages today sourcing manual labour remains a problem. For an acre, about 300 (110 male and 190 female) labourers are required. In engaging them, a farmer gets drained physically and economically,” says Dr. S. Saravanakumar, Agronomist, Myrada, Gobichettypalayam.

One year idea

While this is the current scenario in the region, a small turmeric farmer Mr. P. Ramaraju, has developed a machine to harvest the crop on time. He worked on the idea for a year to design an efficient harvester.

“In the past I suffered huge losses because I was not able to source labour on time. Determined to find a solution I thought of working on a machine which could harvest the rhizomes so that a large labour would not be required,” says Mr. Ramaraju.

Accordingly, he designed a power tiller that requires 13 HP power to run it. The machine consists of a shaft connected to small diggers, arm and shaker. While operating this machinery, the diggers pull out the turmeric clumps from the soil and loosen the earth with the help of the shaker.

Capacity

The field capacity of this harvester was tested in different soil conditions and it was found that seven hours are required for harvesting one acre of turmeric.

However, some preconditions are required such as the space between the rows must be 1.5 – 2 feet, the furrows must be lengthy and broad. It is best suited for fields installed with a drip irrigation system.

“Since turmeric is cultivated under a raised bed system, we thought some refinement is needed in order to deploy this machinery in different types of soil and methods of cultivation. Based on the farmer’s feedback, we modified the machine with some more ideas from the farmer. This intervention has proved the efficiency of the harvester to the farmers through demonstrations and is documented,” says Dr. Saravanakumar.

“It is a labour-saving equipment and requires only one male and 15-20 women labourers to collect the harvested rhizomes from an acre whereas in manual harvesting 40 pairs of labourers may be required costing Rs.14,000 – 16,000. By using this harvester one can save upto Rs 7,000 – 9,000 per acre,” says Mr. Ramaraju.

One litre of diesel

The machine consumes one litre of diesel an hour which a small farmer can easily afford. A special attachment also shakes the harvested rhizomes so that the soil on them drops to the field, leaving the rhizomes clear for collection.

The innovator has demonstrated the performance of his machine in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh and till date has been able to sell about 172 harvesters priced at Rs.30,000 each.

Servicing

Like all machines, this harvester also needs to be serviced regularly. Unlike tractors, machines like these developed by small innovators face servicing problems. But Mr. Ramaraju has been offering suggestions and also visiting the places to service he machine.

Farmers from Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have visited his farm to know about the field suitability of the machine. His innovation was recognised by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi and he was honoured as a ‘Best Farmer Innovator’ in 2010 during the national farm innovators meet.

For more details interested farmers can contact Mr.P. Ramaraju, Pudhupalayam, Gettisamudram post, Anthiyur Taluk, Erode district – 638 501, TamilNadu, mobile:9865171790.

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Planting of crops expected to pick up substantially as monsoon strengthens

NEW DELHI: A week of surplus rainfall has filled up reservoirs to a level above the 10-year average and helped the monsoon deficit contract further to 24%, further easing the situation which was taking alarming proportions after six weeks of drought-like conditions that have delayed crop planting. 

RRainfall was 24% above normal in the past seven days, bouncing back from a deficit of 15% in the previous week and much drier phases before that. This filled the country's major reservoirs to 35% of the total capacity of 155.05 billion cubic metres, down from 51% last year, but better than the 10-year average of 34%. 

"The situation has improved, but we are still not comfortable. Only when the seasonal rainfall deficit goes to 10%, the reservoir levels will be in good position," said AB Pandya, chairman of state-run Central Water Commission. 

Pandya said the state governments could decide on allocating water only for drinking or in some cases for irrigation depending on the reservoir position. "Kharif sowing has been delayed this year and the state governments can provide water for irrigation if there is gap in monsoon," he said. 

The commission which monitors 85 important reservoirs of the country on a weekly basis, said the states of Punjab, Odisha and Chhattisgarh had better storage than last year for corresponding period. The situation was not similar in Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. 

"We expect the situation to improve in the coming days," said Pandya. Reservoirs normally fill up rapidly in July and create a water reserve for irrigation, drinking and power generation until the following year's monsoon. 

ata from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) showed that 41% of the country has received normal rainfall this season, as it rained heavily every day in most regions except northern and north western parts. 

On Thursday, it was 10% above average. 

With heavy rains recorded over central India, west Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat region, Saurashtra, Kutch, Vidarbha, Madhya Maharashtra,Konkan and Goa. 

In the next 24 hours, the Met department has forecast heavy rainfall to occur at isolated places over Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, Uttarakhand, Saurashtra, Kutch, Konkan, Goa, Assam , Meghalaya and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. 

Officials said planting of crops, particularly cotton, soybean, paddy which was at half of last year's level, is expected to pick up substantially as the monsoon had strengthened. Crops such as maize, bajra, and other coarse cereals could also be sown during this period. 

So far, rainfall is 20%-24% in deficit in the southern, eastern and central parts of the country. In the north and northwestern regions, the deficit is 36%. In Punjab, Haryana and western UP, the seasonal deficit is more than 50%. While most of the farms in Punjab and Haryana have access to good irrigation facilities, monsoon rainfall also influences productivity of crops. 

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Government allows cultivation of genetically modified crops after full scientific evaluation

NEW DELHI: The government allows cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops after full scientific evaluation of biosafety and impact on environment as well as on consumers, Parliament was informed today.

In India, cotton is the only GM crop (Bt cotton) approved for commercial cultivation.

"The government policy is to allow GM crops after full scientific evaluation of its biosafety and impact on the environment and on the consumers," Minister of State for Agriculture Sanjeev Kumar Balyan said in a written reply to the Lok Sabha.

"The government follows the policy of 'case to case basis' for approval of GM crops," he added. 

Replying to a separate question, the minister said the area under Bt cotton has gone up significantly. Share of Bt cotton in the total cotton area has increased from 91.47 per cent in 2011-12 to 93.99 per cent in 2013-14.

"Total production of cotton has also increased from 35.2 million bales (of 170 kg each) in 2011-12 to 36.5 million bales in 2013-14," Balyan said. 

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Farmers to have ‘Kisan Mandi’ in Delhi by September

NEW DELHI: Farmers will be able to directly sell fruits and vegetables to consumers and wholesalers in Delhi as the city will have a 'kisan mandi' by September after the government changes the law that gives traders and middlemen a monopoly. 

Farmers and farmer producer organisations (FPOs) will be able meet part of Delhi's demand of 15,000 tonnes of vegetables a day after the Delhi Agriculture Produce Market (APMC) Act is amended, said Pravesh Sharma, MD of the Small Farmers' Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC), a society under the department of agriculture. SFAC is already preparing to launch the mandi in the capital. "We will provide a platform — over 25,000 sq feet to sell produce directly to consumers, both wholesale and retail," he said.

Retail chains said the move would help them procure good quality vegetables but traders were confident the initiative would not work as it would be difficult to match the established mandis, which provide loans to farmers and allow retailers to make payments after a few weeks. 

For the new market, the government is looking at possible locations such as a Nafed godown and cold storage at Lawrence Road and sites of the Delhi Milk Scheme (DMS) at Shadipur and Alipur. 

In the first phase, the mandi is targeting participation of 25-30 FPOs and growers associations. Initially onions, potato, lemons, banana, apples will be sold followed by fresh green vegetables. 

The mandi is expected to give both dry and cold storage space to each allottee, apart form logistics handling facilities. "In the first six months we should be able to sell 1,000 tonnes of fruits and vegetables which will represent 6% of the current market," said Sharma. 

The government has promoted over 300 FPOs with over five lakh farmers across the country whose members are farmers and grassroots institutions, which provide collective bargaining power to small and marginal farmers. 

We are also exploring to sell fruits and vegetables through the network of 500 DMS booths. Further, the Delhi government has allowed us to sell onion and potato through 1,000 fair price shops in Delhi-NCR," said Sharma, who felt the organised retail network could help kee ...... 

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Agriculture Minister Radha Mohan Singh writes to CMs seeking views on farm insurance scheme

NEW DELHI: Agriculture Minister Radha Mohan Singh has sought suggestions from state chief ministers by end of this month to evolve a suitable insurance scheme for the benefit of farmers.

"We are desirous of introducing a new crop insurance scheme to protect the farmers against both yield and price fluctuations. I would appreciate if your suggestions are sent to us by end of July," Singh said in the letter.

A Farmer Income Insurance Scheme (FIIS), introduced during 2003-04 on pilot basis in 22 districts of 14 states, was later dropped. This scheme aimed to protect farmers' incomes by integrating production with prices, he said.

Since last year, several state governments have been implementing the New National Crop Insurance Programme, which was formulated by merging pilot Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS) and Pilot Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS) and adding certain features for the benefit of farmers.

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Australian funded agriculture initiative to boost small farmer productivity in India

New Delhi, July 4 (ANI): Two states - Bihar and West Bengal - will benefit from an Australian Government funded research initiative to helpsmall farmers improve agriculture productivity.     The new five-year Australian dollar 7.3 million (40.5 crore rupees) regional research initiative in Nepal, Bangladesh and India will tap the agricultural potential of the area, and help 7,000 farmers to become more productive, profitable and sustainable through adopting new technology. The program will operate in two districts in both Bihar and West Bengal, as well as two districts each in Bangladesh and Nepal. It will be launched in Kathmandu on July 3. "This initiative will help to raise agricultural productivity in a region which has the potential to become one of Asia's great food bowls," said the Acting Australian High Commissioner to India, Bernard Philip

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Agriculture department bans gram cultivation this season

NASHIK: The agriculture department will not allow the cultivation of green and black gram this season, which is likely to affect 15% of the total produce in the region. The decision has been taken due to less rainfall in the region, officials said. District superintendent agriculture officer Madhukar Panhale said they had appealed to the farmers not to take up black and green gram cultivation this season as the conditions are not suitable, he added. The state agricultural universities had recommended that if rainfall in districts like Pune, Kolhapur, Sangli, Nashik, Satara, Solapur, Ahmednagar, Dhule and Nandurbar begins from the second fortnight of June, all kharif crops can be sown. However, if the monsoon begins from the first or second fortnight of July, then green and black gram should not be sown.

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Boost for agriculture after 27 specialists graduate

Jamaica's agricultural sector and the nation as a whole will soon be able to sigh with relief, as a result of the most recent advancement in the field of agriculture.


The Jamaica Rural Economy and Ecosystems Adapting to Climate Change Project (Ja REEACH), in collaboration with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), took under its wings 27 agricultural specialists, who successfully completed a 10-day Agrometeorology programme, culminating with a graduation exercise at the Jamaica Pegasus Hotel recently.


The cohort, consisting of 21 men and six women, is the first batch of many to come in the future to graduate from the programme. Mission Director of USAID Jamaica, Denise Herbol reminded the graduates that, "the skills you have earned are an important element to Jamaica's future growth."

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Israel to open two agriculture centres in Bihar

After successful experiments in half a dozen states in India, Israel would soon open two 'agriculture centres of excellence' in Bihar, an Israeli embassy official said here Tuesday.


"We have decided to open two agriculture centres of excellence in Bihar, the first in the state. Israel has already set up 28 such agriculture centres of excellence in various states in India, which mainly focus on fruit and vegetable cultivation," Israeli embassy spokesman Ohad Horsandi said.


Horsandi, who is here on a two-day visit, said the agriculture centre in Nalanda district would be for vegetables and in Vaishali district for mangoes.


"Our aim is to help local farmers increase their productivity and improve the quality of their vegetables and mangoes," he said.

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60% of NREGA work must be agricultural

NEW DELHI: The Centre is likely to make it mandatory that 60% of work undertaken in a district under the job guarantee scheme- MGNREGA- should be linked to agriculture. The rural development ministry will incorporate the mandatory clause in Schedule-1 of the MGNREGA so that every state has to follow the norms designed to give a fillip to agriculture through labour-intensive work under the job scheme. RD secretary LC Goyal told TOI, "The proposal has been sent to the states for comments. It would be decided soon." The move would inextricably bind MGNREGA with farm activities, thereby focusing the creation of assets in the farm sector. According to the plan, a minimum of 60% of work in a district should be "in the nature of productive assets linked to agriculture through the development of land, water and trees". 

Andhra Pradesh wants agriculture linked to MNREGA

Hyderabad: The AP state government has decided to write a letter to the Centre on linking Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) works with agriculture works. The state government has asked its agriculture and rural development department officials to prepare a report along with guidelines to be sent to the Centre. In fact, the Centre had itself proposed some changes in the MGNREGA and its modalities.

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India-born agriculture scientist gets 2014 World Food Prize, US$ 250,000

India-born agriculture scientist Dr Sanjaya Rajaram has been given 2014 World Food Prize and US$ 250,000.


Indian scientists and India born scientists are now in news after living on the margins. One of the top Indian agriculture scientists Dr Sanjaya Rajaram has been awarded the 2014 World Food Prize.


He is among the very few scientists who have been honored with this prestigious prize.


This is one of the most prestigious awards in the field of agriculture and food production and Dr Sanjaya Rajaram who is a Mexican citizen has huge contribution in the field.

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Neighbours still far ahead of India in agriculture

Kochi, June 19:  

India’s agriculture sector has not reached the level of neighbouring countries despite the technical knowhow and experts in development side, according to D.K.Jain, Additional Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC).

This is really a concern as neighbouring Vietnam is doing far better in agriculture sector. India could not reach to that level of neighbouring countries even though the sector has the potential in employment generation and export earnings, he said while inaugurating the two-day DAC-ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) interface here.

He pointed out that state-wise updated statistics in the agriculture sector is essential for formulating strategies. In the absence of adequate quality data, the country could not proceed in appropriate way, he said and sought the cooperation mainly from state departments in this regard.

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Minister Kiren Rijiju calls on Agriculture Minister, Highlights Focus Areas

New Delhi: Agriculture Ministry will look into the special requirements of agricultural education and research in the north-eastern states. This assurance was given by Agriculture Minister Shri Radha Mohan Singh to Shri Kiren Rijiju, MOS (Home) who met him here today. Shri Rijiju also gave a memorandum highlighting the requirements of the north-eastern region in the area of agricultural education and research. 

Agriculture Minister has directed ICAR to look at the feasibility of opening more agricultural and veterinary colleges and universities in all the eight States of the region. New institutions will be opened keeping in view the needs of local farmers and also on matters which have high potential in this region. 

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National food security scheme to be implemented in Uttarakhand from June 30

DEHRADUN: Uttarakhand Chief Minister Harish Rawat has issued orders for completion of all formalities related to effective implementation of National Food Security scheme in the state from June 30.

All the bottlenecks in distribution of ration cards under the scheme should be removed within a week and nodal officers for the purpose be appointed so that the drive could be expedited, Rawat told officials at a review meeting of the Food and Civil Supplies department here yesterday.

 Arrangements should be made for storage of adequate foodgrains in the hills to ensure that villages on char dham yatra route do not suffer from shortage of food during monsoon, he said.

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Monsoon may hit Andaman and Nicobar by May 20, may keep its date with Kerala for June 1

NEW DELHI: The advent of the south west monsoon -lifeline of Indian agriculture may be normal, with rains hitting the islands of Andaman and Nicobar by May 20th. Pre-monsoon showers have been lashing across the country since the past few weeks. 

According to Noida based Skymet Meteorology Division, there were mild indications of development of a low pressure area over north Andaman Sea towards the weekend. "The emergence of this weather system will coincide with the normal date of onset of monsoon in India over Andaman Islands which may receive its first monsoon rain by the 20th of May," said Jatin Singh CEO, Skymet. 

He added, "The monsoon should be able to keep its date with Kerala by June 1." The Indian weather office treats June 1 as the normal date for the monsoon arrival over the southern coast based on a time series rainfall data of over 100 years. 

The India Meteorology Department will be issuing its forecast for the onset of the monsoon on May 15. Meteorologists said the monsoon is likely to hit the southern tip of the country on time--the first week of June--but its progress across the Indian land mass could be delayed. 

In 2013, monsoon rains arrived at Andaman by May 17th advancing to Kerala coast by June 1 setting the stage for the four-month annual rainfall season. 

Meteorologist at Skymet say that the location and time is favourable for the strengthening of such weather system into a tropical storm or cyclone. "If the weather system does not weaken during the period or move quickly from its position, there are chances that it will turn into season's first tropical storm or cyclone in the Bay of Bengal," said Singh. 

he month of May is considered as a season of cyclones that emerge in the Bay of Bengal and move westward to bring pre-monsoon rain in India just before the arrival of the southwest monsoon in India. 

Onion exports touch record Rs 2,877 crore in 2013/14

India's onion exports jumped by a fourth to a record Rs 2,877 crore in 2013/14, a year when consumers forked out as much as Rs 100 for a kilogram of the bulb.
Export volume, however, dropped 26 per cent to 1.35 million tonnes in the year ended March 31 from 1.82 million tonnes the year before, according to data from the Nashik-based National Horticultural Research and Development Foundation (NHRDF). The previous record for onion exports was Rs 2,834 crore in 2009/10 when the country shipped 1.87 million tonnes.
The average value realised in the export market rose to Rs 21,183 per tonne in 2013/14 from Rs 12,590 a tonne in 2012/13. This helped boost the value of exports.
A monthly analysis of the data shows that the first quarter of the financial year (April to June 2013) accounted for 40 per cent of exports. However, as domestic prices started firming up, the government discouraged exports and shipments declined August onwards. The government increased the minimum export price of the bulb from $650 a tonne in September 2013 to $1,150 a tonne in November. The country also imported onions in small quantities to boost availability.
As domestic availability improved and prices came down after the harvest of the rabi crop, the government started relaxing export prices and finally removed the cap in early March. But this has not helped exports. In March, exports were 100,000 tonnes, down sharply from February's 150,000 tonnes.
R.P. Gupta, Director at NHRDF, says demand for onions in the international market is weak.
"The onion crop has been affected due to unseasonal rains. These are not fit for exports as there is a large time lag between export and actual consumption," he says. In a way, it is good news for domestic consumers. Onion is now available for Rs 25 to Rs 30 per kg. India produces about 16 million tonnes onion annually but consumes only 10-11 million tonnes.

Saving a tradition from going to seed

Large tracts of brackish water fields, suitable for traditional paddy and shrimp cultivation, in the north Malabar region, have been remaining fallow for some time now. Consequently, some of the traditional varieties of paddy with unique qualities, which used to be grown here, are becoming extinct.
(Traditional paddy and shrimp cultivation in the northern districts is known as Kaipad farming and in the south it is Pokkali farming).
But, some of the seeds, conserved in small quantities, are being planted in an effort to revive the traditional varieties.
There are 4,100 hectares of Kaipad fields in Kasaragod, Kannur, and Kozhikode districts. Kannur district has the largest extent of fields.
Paddy seeds used in Kaipad farming are resistant to salinity. These have not been conserved, except for individual efforts by some farmers and groups. The traditional seeds once prevalent were ‘kuthir,’ ‘orkayma,’ ‘orthadiyan,’ ‘chovverian,’ ‘orpandy,’ ‘kuttoosan,’ ‘kandarkutty,’ and ‘balivithu.’ Only ‘kuthir’ and ‘orkayma’ are still being cultivated by farmers.
Chemical fertilizers are not used for the cultivation of these varieties as well as hybrid varieties such as Ezhome-I, II, and III developed by scientists at the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU)’s College of Agriculture at Padannakkad in Kasaragod.
The intervention of the Agency for Aquaculture Development, Kerala (ADAK) for the promotion of traditional paddy and shrimp cultivation systems has helped in the revival of some Kaipad seeds and fields, says Dineshan Cheruvat, ADAK Deputy Director and Manager of the agency’s fish farm at Eranholi, near Thalassery.
A self-help group of beneficiaries, under the ADAK’s integrated traditional farming system, recently gave a tonne of traditional seed varieties to farmers in Ernakulam district, he says.
“A Kaipad farmer recently gave me a handful of ‘orthadiyan’ and ‘chovverian’ seeds, now rare. Efforts are now being made to multiply these at the fish farm,” says Mr. Cheruvat.

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Citrus greening affects roots before leaves

Although citrus greening enters trees through their leaves, University of Florida researchers have discovered that the deadly disease attacks roots long before the leaves show signs of damage -- a finding that may help growers better care for trees while scientists work to find a cure.

"The role of root infection by insect-carried bacterial pathogens has been greatly underestimated," said Evan Johnson, a research assistant scientist with UF's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.

Hundreds of researchers throughout the world are rushing to find a viable treatment for citrus greening, which is devastating Florida's $9 billion citrus industry and has affected citrus production throughout North America.

Johnson was the lead author of a scientific paper outlining the research published in the April issue of the journal Plant Pathology. He and his fellow team members -- Jian Wu, a graduate student in soil and water science, researcher Diane Bright and Jim Graham, a professor of soil microbiology -- are based at the UF/IFAS Citrus Research and Education Center in Lake Alfred.

Citrus greening first enters the tree via a tiny insect, the Asian citrus psyllid, which sucks on leaf sap and leaves behind bacteria that spread through the tree. Johnson said the bacteria travel quickly to the roots, where they replicate, damage the root system and spread to the rest of the host tree's canopy. The disease starves the tree of nutrients, leaving fruits that are green and misshapen, unsuitable for sale as fresh fruit or juice. Most infected trees die within a few years.

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Sell small onion in June to get better prices: TNAU to farmers

COIMBATORE: As prices of small onion are expected to increase substantially in June, the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) has advised farmers to store and sell their crop next month. 

An econometric analysis by TNAU's Agri Marketing Intelligence and Business Promotion Centre in the Dindigul market on prices during the last 15 years revealed that they would rule around Rs 2,300 to Rs 2,500 per quintal at farm level during June. 

The expected export demand will also keep the prices higher, which would be more than the cost of storage and loss, including interest charges, it said. 

Hence, farmers could store and sell onion to get higher returns, it added. 
At present, farm gate prices hover around Rs 1,500 to Rs 2,000 per quintal and there are chances of exports picking up next month, TNAU said. 

Onion is grown in 0.38 lakh hectares in Tamil Nadu, with production standing at 4.29 lakh tonnes in 2012-13. 

This was 1.61 per cent higher in area and 22.8 per cent lesser in production compared to last year, which stood at 0.37 lakh hectares and 5.56 lakh tonnes, it said. 

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Bihar sees Maize revolution with use of hybrid seeds

Maize is the only agricultural crop in Bihar whose productivity is higher than the national average. Bihar produces 4.11 tonne of maize from a hectare compared to the national average of about 2.5 tonne. The state has witnessed a maize revolution over past few years with the help of hybrid seeds.

In the four years ending 2012/13, Bihar's maize production rose 66 per cent to 2.83 million tonne, productivity (output from each hectare) increased 51 per cent to 4.11 tones while the area under the crop rose ten per cent to 0.68 million hectares. Hybrid seed production and field demonstrations for farmers has triggered a maize revolution in the state.

With state productivity much higher than national productivity, area under cultivation is expected to rise as the availability of good quality maize offers significant opportunities for entrepreneurs in the state. However, the level of processing in the state is presently quite insignificant. There is thus a large opportunity for maize processing units which can be set up for making a range of products. Agribusiness giant Cargill's Indian arm procures 2,00,000 to 3,00,000 tonne of maize annually from Bihar, says B K Anand, the Director and Business Head (Grains and Oilseeds Crush) for Cargill India. The Indian unit of Cargill handles a million tonnes of the grain annually.

According to the Directorate of Maize Research, a body under the Agriculture Ministry, the quality of the maize produce has improved steadily over the last few years. "Increased participation of national players and a few multinationals has led to a structural change in the maize ecosystem in Bihar," it said in a report in 2012.